New Computer Science Approach to Detecting Colon Cancer Biomarker
By Heather Buschman, UC San Diego Health Sciences
San Diego, Jan. 20, 2016 — A computer science approach has led to the detection of a colon cancer biomarker called CDX2. Those without CDX2 have a poorer prognosis than patients with CDX2 but in some cases are more likely to benefit from chemotherapy. The new approach was spelled out in a high-profile article by researchers led by Debashis Sahoo, a relative newcomer to the campus with dual appointments in the departments of Pediatrics as well as Computer Science and Engineering. He joins the growing group of researchers working at the intersection of medicine and computer science, including Qualcomm Institute academic participants Pavel Pevzner, Rob Knight, Nuno Bandeira, Vineet Bafna, and Calit2 director Larry Smarr.
Researchers at the UC San Diego School of Medicine, Columbia University and Stanford University discovered a distinctive molecular feature — a biomarker — that identified colon cancer patients who were most likely to remain disease-free up to five years after surgery. The biomarker, a protein called CDX2, also helped the researchers identify Stage II colon cancer patients who are most likely to benefit from chemotherapy after surgery. The retrospective study is published January 21 by the New England Journal of Medicine.
“Because previous studies did not take into account differences between colon cancers with and without CDX2, doctors have long struggled to identify which Stage II colon cancer patients might benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy,” said first author, UC San Diego's Sahoo. “But what we’ve now found is that some of these patients might benefit from chemotherapy, and we now have a biomarker to tell the difference, potentially saving many lives and reducing toxicity from unnecessary treatment.” Sahoo led the study alongside co-first author Piero Dalerba, MD, of Columbia University, and senior author Michael Clarke, MD, of Stanford University.
This study took advantage of a novel bioinformatics approach Sahoo developed to identify differences in gene expression patterns. Sahoo had earlier pioneered this method to find genes involved in stem cell differentiation — the process by which stem cells specialize into specific cell types in an organ, such as the colon. “Dr. Sahoo’s bioinformatics approach is extraordinarily powerful,” said Dalerba. “We used it to search for biomarkers that could help us identify which colon tumors were likely to contain high numbers of stem-like cells.”
Dalerba and Sahoo discovered that when the gene CDX2 is “off,” another molecular marker of stem-like cells in colon tumors, called ALCAM, is always “on.” “We reasoned that colon tumors lacking CDX2 would likely contain a higher number of stem-like cells, and would therefore be more aggressive than CDX2-positive tumors,” said Dalerba.
Next, the team analyzed a database of cancer gene expression from more than 2,000 patients with known treatment courses and outcomes. The team found that four percent of colon cancers lack CDX2. They then used the database to determine if there is an association between CDX2 status and patient outcomes. By examining data on 466 patients with any stage of colon cancer, the team discovered that CDX2-negative tumors were associated with poorer prognosis. Forty-one percent of colon cancer patients with CDX2-negative tumors survived five years disease-free, as compared to 74 percent of patients with CDX2-positive colon tumors.
However, according to this study, treating CDX2-negative Stage II colon cancer patients with chemotherapy after surgery could improve their survival. Ninety-one percent of CDX2-negative Stage II colon cancer patients survived five years disease-free when they were treated with chemotherapy. In contrast, significantly fewer (56 percent) CDX2-negative Stage II colon cancer patients who did not receive chemotherapy survived five years disease-free.
“While promising, this study was retrospective, meaning we looked back at existing patient data. Before they can be applied to clinical practice, these results need to be confirmed by prospective, randomized clinical trials,” Sahoo said.
Related Links
New England Journal of Medicine Article