Calit2 Researcher at UC San Diego Develops Simple Technology to Help Women in Rural India

San Diego, CA, May 14, 2008 -- For Shannon Spanhake, the idea for a new product came when she picked up one of the ten-liter metal jugs that local women in thousands of Indian communities use to carry water. "I lifted the jug of water and to me, it was heavy," exclaims Spanhake, a researcher in the Univeristy of California, San Diego division of the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2).

Prototype of the MuthuCart got rave reviews from young boys who insisted on taking over the chore of carrying water -- at least for one day.

From that realization came an idea: what if a cart on wheels could relieve some of the physical strain of transporting water by hand?

Spanhake mentioned her idea to Dr. V. Sukumaran, a bioengineering professor at Periyar Maniammai University and a local dignitary who is part of Periyar PURA, an effort promoted by former Indian President APJ Abdul Kalam to bring urban amenities to poor rural areas. Sukumaran thought the proposed water cart was a good idea and agreed to work with the UCSD researcher to build a prototype.

Working with Dr. Sukumaran and women in the village of Muthuveerakandianpatti, Spanhake -- an engineer with an MFA from UCSD's Visual Arts department -- helped design and build the first prototype of a MuthuCart. (Muthu, derived from the village's name, also means "pearl" in the Tamil language.)

In keeping with Calit2's focus on 'co-design' in developing markets -- developing technologies with the active collaboration of local communities that will use the eventual products or services -- Spanhake and Sukumaran approached local leaders and villagers of Muthuveerakandianpatti with the prototype. "Before seeing the prototype, some men thought it might be against the way the women socialize. One man was opposed because he said his wife carries the water as a form of affection," recalls Spanhake. "Even some women were skeptical. But when they saw the prototype and realized that it could be a way to generate income, both men and women were excited."

Calit2's Shannon Spanhake (center) with some of the women in Muthuveerakandianpatti who helped design the MuthuCart prototype. One day it could be made of local materials by women entrepreneurs.

The design process began with critical parameters. Most importantly, the device should not allow the water to spill from the jugs. "First we thought of a two-wheeled dolly but we wanted to keep the jugs horizontal, so the four-wheeled cart made more sense as an initial prototype due to limited resources and time," she explains. "It also had to maneuver difficult terrain - dirt roads, sand, mud - and of course, it had to relieve physical strain and be easy to use."

In addition to Dr. Sukumaran, Spanhake enlisted the help of structural engineers at nearby Periyar Maniammai University, which builds carts for other purposes and modified an existing model. The university's Vice Chancellor, Dr. N. Ramachandran, made other faculty available to help with planning and building of the water cart, including Dr. K. Rajendran from the Bio-Tech department and other faculty from the Civil Engineering department.

Carrying water by head, hip and MuthuCart

Village women carry water from the pump to their homes on their heads (left) or hip (right) while boys drag the MuthuCart behind them.

"When we took it to the village, the paint was not even dry," recalls Spanhake. "The sun was setting and it was time to get water. The women and girls started using it, but then something unexpected happened: the boys in the village began pulling the cart. It completely changed the social dynamic of the task in a country where getting water is traditionally a woman's responsibility."

The prototype is made of steel, but bamboo and twine, which are available locally, are being explored for construction materials. "We talked to local women about the larger idea of building the next prototype out of local materials so they could eventually build the carts themselves and sell the finished product to other villages," says Spanhake. "Everyone got excited over this idea, so we decided that we need to build reproducibility into the design of the MuthuCart."

Spanhake believes this simple technology could offer a "completely different model" for carrying water in rural India.

The MuthuCart will probably look very different once lower-cost materials and assembly are designed into the cart, which also must be streamlined to navigate the small houses in the village.

"The idea is to create an opportunity to let village women use this technology but also to generate income from it," says Spanhake. "Women could run the business, and kids could carry the water. It's a completely different model."

"When we were talking to a women's self-help group in another village in the Periyar district, the women identified water, employment and autonomy as the three biggest issues they face," the researcher adds. "The MuthuCart in its final form will hopefully help rural women on all three fronts."

According to Sukumar Srinivas, Calit2's manager of the India Initiative in the UCSD division, "Calit2's role is both as an innovator and as a facilitator, being able to bring these resources together." To that end, he and Spanhake are meeting with business schools in both countries to explore a new business model for the production, sale and use of the MuthuCart, and Calit2 researchers will continue to work with Periyar Maniammai University and local schools of design on the next prototype.

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Doug Ramsey, 858-822-5825, dramsey@ucsd.edu

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Calit2 Researcher at UC San Diego Develops Simple Technology to Help Women in Rural India